Influence of maternal serum levels of vitamins C and E during the second trimester on birth weight and length
B E Lee1, Y C Hong2, K H Lee2, Y J Kim3,4, W K Kim5, N S Chang6, E A Park7, H S Park1,4 and H J Hann8,4
1Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea2Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea4Medical Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea5Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea6Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea7Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea8Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
Contributors: YCH and YJK designed the present study. YCH was responsible for analyzing data and writing the manuscript. BEL wrote the manuscript. YJK recruited the subjects and collected data. WKK and NSC took the biochemical assay and analyzed the dietary data. EAP and HSP were involved in the design of the study and in reviewing the paper. KHL and HJH critically reviewed the manuscript.
Abstract
Objective: It has been known that maternal oxidative stress during pregnancy plays an important role in fetal growth. However, the association between antioxidant vitamin levels and birth outcomes is not conclusive. We investigated the relationship between maternal serum levels of vitamins C and E during the second trimester and birth weight and length.
Design: Prospective cohort study.
Setting: Outpatient-clinic of obstetrics, Ewha Womans University Hospital, South Korea.
Subjects and methods: The study subjects were 239 healthy, pregnant women who visited an obstetric clinic for antenatal care, and their singleton live births, in Seoul, Korea, between August 2001 and March 2003. We measured the levels of vitamins C and E in maternal serum during the period 24-28 gestational weeks. Each woman was interviewed for dietary intake by trained interviewers during the second trimester.
Results: The serum concentration of maternal vitamin C during the second trimester was significantly associated with birth weight and length in the group of full-term deliveries. An increase of 1 g/ml in the serum vitamin C level increased the birth weight by 27.2 g and the birth length by 0.17 cm. When we considered the levels of vitamins C and E together in the relationship with birth weight and length, we found that the heaviest birth weight and the longest birth length belonged to the group of upper vitamin C/upper vitamin E. However, dietary intake estimated by 24-h recall method was not a predictor of the levels of serum vitamins C and E.
Conclusion: We found that maternal serum vitamin C levels during the second trimester were positively correlated with birth weight and length in full-term babies. We also found that birth weight and length were highest when the levels of both vitamins C and E were high. Our results indicate the importance of antioxidant nutrient balance for pregnant women who are exposed to various oxidants through food, drinking water, or inhaled air.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 1365-1371. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601976
Printed with Permission
